|
|
Probiotics and their importance in human nutrition
Formanová, Kristýna ; Vítová, Eva (referee) ; Vránová, Dana (advisor)
A great deal of immune system is located in the colon thanks to a large number of microbs that influence not only digestive tract of a human. The contact of these microbs with the digestive tract of a human is very important for other development of immune defensive mechanisms and the natural immune response, which supports health of a host. That is why in recent years a great deal of attention and efforts have been paid to possibility of human health status improving by a modulation of the intestinal microflora. As probiotics are indicated living microorganisms, that can have positive effects on human health and some species, for example Saccharomyces boulardii, have positive effects in prevention and treatment of many diseases associated with diarrhea. The company Valosun a.s. has provided for testing the probiotic food supplement which is suitable in acute diarrheal disorders. This product has been tried by patients of gastroenterology ambulance. The aim of sociological survey was to map knowledge of respondents in the field of probiotics and probiotic food supplements.
|
|
|
Characterization of the distribution and dynamics of the antigen-presenting cells using MHC II-EGFP knock-in mouse model
Pačes, Jan ; Černý, Jan (advisor) ; Tlaskalová - Hogenová, Helena (referee)
Results of recent studies indicate that dendritic cells are capable of transporting commensal intestinal bacteria into the mammary glands, which ultimately leads to their occurrence in breast milk. We have therefore decided to evaluate the phenotype of immunologically relevant antigen presenting cells (APCs) present in the mammary glands and the small intestine, respectively and perform a comparison study. We also studied plasticity of these populations during lactation. In situ immunodetection and flow cytometry methods were used to determine phenotype. We succeeded in optimising the methods for preparation of samples for flow cytometry and microscopy. We thoroughly tested protocols for 3D visualisation of APC populations and quantitative image analysis for correlation with flow cytometry, further optimization is nevertheless needed. We found out that during lactation large numbers of MHC II+ cells cluster around the alveoli and milk ducts. These cells are of a distinctly dendritic shape and their phenotype does not correspond to the APCs in the surrounding tissue. A pronounced increase of APC cells in the mammary glands between the fourth and sixth days of lactation was observed, with the majority of these cells expressing the CD103 antigen typical for cell populations of immune cells of the...
|
|
|
Novel mechanisms of T cell-mediated intestinal autoimmunity to Paneth cells
Brabec, Tomáš ; Filipp, Dominik (advisor) ; Janečková, Lucie (referee)
(En) Paneth cells are one of the major player in the maintenance of the homeostatic relationship between intestinal microbiota and the immune system. This function is largely achieved by their production of bactericidal enteric α-defensins (ED) and other antimicrobials. Disruption of Paneth cell functions is associated with severe human disorders such as Crohn's disease (CD) and Autoimmune Polyendocrinopathy- Candidiasis-Ectodermal Dystrophy (APECED). However, there is only a very limited information regarding the interactions and regulatory circuits operating between Paneth cells and intestinal immune system in either health or under pathological conditions. The previous study conducted in our laboratory described a new mechanism for the initiation and maintenance of Paneth cells targeted autoimmunity. The suggested model was that ED-specific T cells escape the selection in the thymus, infiltrate the intestine and diminish Paneth cell numbers through autoimmune destruction. This process also lead to the accumulation of inflammation- inducing bacteria, which were implied to exacerbate the inflammatory autoimmunity. Since this model of intestinal autoimmunity is of correlative nature, its intrinsic mechanism and functional relationships between immune system, Paneth cells and microbiota are largely...
|
|
|
Novel mechanisms of T cell-mediated intestinal autoimmunity to Paneth cells
Brabec, Tomáš ; Filipp, Dominik (advisor) ; Janečková, Lucie (referee)
(En) Paneth cells are one of the major player in the maintenance of the homeostatic relationship between intestinal microbiota and the immune system. This function is largely achieved by their production of bactericidal enteric α-defensins (ED) and other antimicrobials. Disruption of Paneth cell functions is associated with severe human disorders such as Crohn's disease (CD) and Autoimmune Polyendocrinopathy- Candidiasis-Ectodermal Dystrophy (APECED). However, there is only a very limited information regarding the interactions and regulatory circuits operating between Paneth cells and intestinal immune system in either health or under pathological conditions. The previous study conducted in our laboratory described a new mechanism for the initiation and maintenance of Paneth cells targeted autoimmunity. The suggested model was that ED-specific T cells escape the selection in the thymus, infiltrate the intestine and diminish Paneth cell numbers through autoimmune destruction. This process also lead to the accumulation of inflammation- inducing bacteria, which were implied to exacerbate the inflammatory autoimmunity. Since this model of intestinal autoimmunity is of correlative nature, its intrinsic mechanism and functional relationships between immune system, Paneth cells and microbiota are largely...
|
|
|
Diagnosis of infections caused by members of the superfamily Paramphistomoidea
Pokrupová, Zuzana ; Pankrác, Jan (advisor) ; Račka, Karol (referee)
Trematodes of the superfamily Paramphistomoidea are significant pathogens of various species of vertebrates including livestock. They also cause significant economic losses. Adults are located in the forestomaches, eventually in the bile ducts or in the large intestine of the host. Severe pathological changes and sometimes even death of the host are caused by juvenile stages during their migration in small intestine. The diagnosis of paramphistomosis is done mainly by coprological methods (McMaster method, mini-FLOTAC, sedimentation methods) which detect the presence of eggs in the faeces of definitive host. However, these methods cannot be used during the prepatent period. Therefore it is important to develop immunological methods that enable detection of the infection in the early phase. It is also important to develope methods for molecular identification of paramphistomes to facilitate epidemiological studies and evaluate the economic importance of individual species of Paramphistomoidea. Presented thesis summarizes current methods and development of new strategies in diagnostics of paramphistomosis and molecular identification of paramphistomes.
|
|
| |
|
|
Inflammatory bowel disease
Růžičková, Radka ; Ehler, Edvard (advisor) ; Červinková, Monika (referee)
Infammatory bowel disease IBD is unspecified form of bowel inflammation represented by two types - Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn's Disease. UC is illness that typically affects intestine mucous membrane from rectum up to proximal parts of gastrointestinal tract. Affection in UC is limited only to colon. CD is characterised by inflammation of whole intestinal wall with common manifestation in ileocecal region but entire colon and small intestine can be affected. Patients with UC and CD suffer by extraintestinal manifestations similar for both diseases. Illness therapy is currently focused on biological treatment. People with IBD are not excluded from common life activities like school attendance, sports, etc. even they have complications or some sort of handicap. These patients can meet each other and seek advice within IBD associations all over the world.
|
|
|
Characterization of the distribution and dynamics of the antigen-presenting cells using MHC II-EGFP knock-in mouse model
Pačes, Jan ; Černý, Jan (advisor) ; Tlaskalová - Hogenová, Helena (referee)
Results of recent studies indicate that dendritic cells are capable of transporting commensal intestinal bacteria into the mammary glands, which ultimately leads to their occurrence in breast milk. We have therefore decided to evaluate the phenotype of immunologically relevant antigen presenting cells (APCs) present in the mammary glands and the small intestine, respectively and perform a comparison study. We also studied plasticity of these populations during lactation. In situ immunodetection and flow cytometry methods were used to determine phenotype. We succeeded in optimising the methods for preparation of samples for flow cytometry and microscopy. We thoroughly tested protocols for 3D visualisation of APC populations and quantitative image analysis for correlation with flow cytometry, further optimization is nevertheless needed. We found out that during lactation large numbers of MHC II+ cells cluster around the alveoli and milk ducts. These cells are of a distinctly dendritic shape and their phenotype does not correspond to the APCs in the surrounding tissue. A pronounced increase of APC cells in the mammary glands between the fourth and sixth days of lactation was observed, with the majority of these cells expressing the CD103 antigen typical for cell populations of immune cells of the...
|
|
|
Treatment of client suffering from Crohn's disease
Krejčí, Šárka ; Hejtmánková, Lenka (advisor) ; Lukášová Jeřábková, Lenka (referee)
The topic I chose for my bachelor thesis is the treatment of a client suffering from Crohn's disease. It consists of a theoretical and an empirical part. The theoretical part describes Crohns's disease including its history, occurrence, symptoms, treatment, impact on fertility and new findings connected to its treatment. The empirical part contains qualitative research in the form of a case study. The aim of the bachelor thesis was understanding the individual needs of a patient suffering from Crohns's disease. The case study describes the life of a woman from when the first symptoms were found till the present day. I found that the disease affects not only the physical but also the psycho-social aspect of the patients, which is often forgotten. Key words Crohn's disease, chronic inflammatory diseases, small intestine, large intestine
|
|
|
Postnatální změny střeva králíka.
ŠTĚCHOVÁ, Kristýna
The small intestine is an important organ of the gastrointestinal tract. It is undergoing the influence of internal and external factors significant adaptive changes in the postnatal life. The aim of the thesis was to provide information about the morphometric changes in various sections of the small intestine of rabbits during the 19 days of postnatal development study. It was measured length of the individual sections of the small intestine at the age of 0, 5, 10, 14 and 19 days and it was sampled for morphometric examination mucosa. The length and width of villi, the depth of crypts of Lieberkühn and the height of enterocytes were evaluated under a light microscope. The average length of the small intestine was 61,4?2,4 cm at new born rabbits and when they were 19 days old it was 106,5?9,1 cm. The most noticeable increase was observed at ileum (124,4 %). On the contrary the lowest increase was observed at jejunum (63,1 %). In the duration of 19 days development of the rabbits, the highest size of villi and crypts of Lieberkühn was in duodenum, on the other hand the lowest was in jejunum. We could also observe temporary stagnation of the growth of enterocytes in all parts of the small intestine. From the results follow that in the duration of the early postnatal development, it is duodenum, which is able to adapt in the fastest way
|
guest ::
